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\n

Banner photo credit: Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe on Canoe Journey, 2019, photo used with permission by Keri Ellis and LEKT

\n\n

Overview

\n

The Čḯxʷicən site is a Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe (LEKT) village in Port Angeles, WA, U.S.A., at the base of Ediz Hook on the south shore of the Strait of Juan de Fuca that was occupied for the past 2,700 years (Larson 2006). In 2004, Larson Anthropological Archaeological Services (LAAS) and LEKT members excavated the site with large open blocks of 1 x 1 m units by finely defined stratigraphic layers (Reetz et al. 2006). In 2012, Kristine Bovy (University of Rhode Island), Virginia Butler (Portland State University [PSU]), Sarah Campbell (Western Washington University), Michael Etnier (Western Washington University), and Sarah Sterling (PSU) initiated a research project focusing on Čḯxʷicən’s faunal remains and geo-archaeological records from the 2004 mitigation. As part of project design, we selected to study excavation areas that were linked to two possible plankhouses, to include interior and extramural deposits.

\n\n

The Fishbone Project includes a report on methods including analysis criteria for taxonomic identifications; and the primary data file. The Fishbone Project is part of a larger zooarchaeological-geoarchaeological project, The Čḯxʷicən Project.

\n\n

You may dynamically explore the data by clicking on \"Data Records\" at the right side of the screen or download a static CSV file of all 19,863 records in the Čḯxʷicən Fishbone dataset.

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\n\n

Support

\n

Funding for this project came largely from the National Science Foundation [grant numbers 1219468, 1353610, and 1663789].

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\n\n

Definitions/Explanations for Column Headings for Fish Faunal Data

\n\n

\n By Virginia Butler\n

\n

Note: These definitions are also available as a downloadable PDF, The Čḯxʷicən Fishbone Project: Methods, Analytic Protocols, and Descriptive Summary for the 2012-2019 Analysis

\n\n

\n Fish_ID\n

\n

\n Faunal Identification Number—this is a unique identifier for this specific\n row/line. Note that each row/line may represent multiple specimens (see\n “Quant_Fish” below).\n

\n

\n The animal categories are marked as follows: invertebrates begin with “S”\n (shellfish); fish, “F”; birds, “B”; and mammals, “M”.\n

\n

\n Catalog Number\n

\n

\n Catalog numbers match the artifact and faunal specimen inventory maintained\n by the Burke Museum. Catalog numbers take one of two basic formats\n depending on whether they were collected in situ during the\n excavations or if they were collected in the water screens.\n

\n

\n Most samples included in our 2012-2019 project were collected from water\n screens and are designated as “WS” (e.g., “water screen”) catalog numbers.\n Because of various issues (see Butler et al., 2018a), the project team\n re-screened all the water-screened samples in our study. This process led\n us to create a slightly revised catalog system (from the original\n LAAS/Burke Catalog) with FOUR sub-numbers.\n

\n

\n WS-16788.99.04.21\n

\n

\n The number after the WS- is the “bag number” (see “Bag Number” below),\n which is the number assigned by LAAS lab/field personnel (Kaehler and\n Lewarch, 2006) with numbers assigned in the order in which the Unit/Level\n bags were added to the Master Catalog. The bag number can range from one to\n five digits. The “99” after the bag number specifies that this sample was\n re-screened by the 2012-2019 project.\n

\n

\n The “04” in the example above designates the screen size fraction for that\n particular entry (here, ¼ -inch). Screen size designations are as follows:\n

\n

\n 01 1-inch\n

\n

\n 02 ½ -inch\n

\n

\n 04 ¼ -inch\n

\n

\n 08 ⅛ -inch\n

\n

\n 99 <⅛ -inch\n

\n

\n The final sub-number (“21” in the example above) specifies the main animal\n type to which the sample belongs. Those categories are:\n

\n

\n 10 Invertebrate\n

\n

\n 20 Unidentified Vertebrate (non-fish)\n

\n

\n 21 Mammals\n

\n

\n 22 Birds\n

\n

\n 23 Fish\n

\n

\n Samples collected in situ, termed “E” samples (see “Bag Type” and\n “Analytical Bag Type” below), maintain their original Master Catalog number\n from the LAAS/Burke Museum. The numbering system begins with the excavation\n area/block designation (Area A4 in the following example):\n

\n

\n A4-197.01.01\n

\n

\n The number after the dash (197) refers to the Field Bag number, which can\n be matched to bag numbers listed in the Unit/Level records (Kaehler and\n Lewarch, 2006). Explanations for the two sub-numbers after the Bag Number\n are described in Appendix 5 of the LAAS report (Larson, 2006, Appendix 5:\n pg 4)\n

\n

\n BagNumber\n

\n

\n This is the first number of the Catalog Number (see above), which is the\n number assigned by LAAS lab/field personnel (Kaehler and Lewarch, 2006)\n with numbers assigned in the order in which the Unit/Level bags were added\n to the Master Catalog. This is the original bag number as it appears in the\n LAAS/Burke Museum catalog.\n \n \n

\n

\n Analytic_BagNum\n

\n

\n In most situations, “Analytic_Bag Number” and “BagNumber” are the same.\n However, as explained by Butler et al. (2018a), we encountered situations\n where it appeared that constituents from a single original field bag/bucket\n were split into >1 Bag Numbers during laboratory processing. Butler et\n al. (2018a) explain how this was deduced. The Analytic Bag number is the\n team’s best identification for the complete, 10 L water-screened bucket\n that had later been subdivided; and is used when estimating excavation\n volume for calculations of density/accumulation rate.\n \n \n

\n

\n Re-screened\n

\n

\n This duplicates the sub-number information in the Catalog Number (see\n above). All of the water-screened samples have the “0.99” code to indicate\n these were re-screened as part of the 2012-2019 project. The “E”\n samples—those that were collected in situ during excavation, were\n not re-screened.\n

\n

\n ScreenSize\n

\n

\n This duplicates the sub-number information in the Catalog Number (see\n above). This refers to the mesh size from which the constituents were\n recovered as noted above.\n

\n

\n 01 1-inch\n

\n

\n 02 ½ -inch\n

\n

\n 04 ¼ -inch\n

\n

\n 08 ⅛ -inch\n

\n

\n 99 <⅛ -inch\n

\n

\nScreen size was not listed for the “E” samples, as they were collected in situ without screens.\n

\n

\n Material Type\n

\n

\n This duplicates the sub-number information in the Catalog Number (see\n above). This number specifies the main animal type. Those categories are:\n

\n

\n 10 Invertebrate\n

\n

\n 20 Unidentified Vertebrate (non-fish)\n

\n

\n 21 Mammals\n

\n

\n 22 Birds\n

\n

\n 23 Fish\n

\n

\n Area\n

\n

\n The terms “Area” or “Block” are used interchangeably in our reporting. The\n original site report (Larson, 2006) used the term “Area” to define the four\n massive project areas that were assigned during 2004 field work (Area A, B,\n C, D) and the term “Block” for the contiguous excavation units excavated in\n a particular “Area” (e.g., Block A1, A4, B1, etc., where the alpha code\n refers to “Area” and the number is the excavation “Block” within the Area).\n However, the Master Catalog (and faunal bag labels) column heading/field\nthe Burke Museum sent us referred to the set of contiguous units as “Area” not Block (e.g., Area A1, A3). For our 2012-2019 project and\n faunal catalog, we followed the convention used in the Master Catalog. We\n use Area to refer to the contiguous grouping of excavation units that\n combines the Area code (A) and the Block number (1, 4, etc.), thus A1, A4.\n Since most of the NSF project focused on one of the massive Areas (e.g.,\n Area A), the distinction between Area and Block is not critical.\n

\n

\n Unit\n

\n

\n Unit refers to an excavation unit number (e.g., 1, 2, 3) that was assigned\n sequentially as an Area/Block was being excavated by LAAS crews (Reetz et\n al., 2006). The labels listed in “unit” are exactly the code as assigned in\n the field, in the catalog and on the original faunal bags sent to us. Most\n units are 1m2. Most unit codes are single whole numbers (e.g.,\n 1, 2, 3), but sometimes the label includes an “A” (e.g., 1A, or other\n alpha), or sometimes units were joined with slashes (e.g., 2/13, 30/32).\n Reetz et al. (2006) provides detailed maps that show unit numbers in each\n Area/Block.\n

\n

\n Adjusted_Unit\n

\n

\n When the Unit code is a simple number (e.g., 1, 2, 3) the Adjusted Unit\n label is the same as the Unit code. We created the Adjusted Unit field to\n recode the unit labels that had an “A” or were aggregate units (e.g., 2/13)\n so that such units could easily be manipulated in the database. LAAS added\n the “A” codes to excavation unit labels when field crews returned to\n excavate units that had previously been dug. Thus, in Area/Block A4, field\n crews returned to the southern part of the block and dug deeper in units 1,\n 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 30, 40 that had previously been partly excavated\n (see Reetz et al., 2006: 40-36). The “A” code was added to these “revisited\n units” but the excavation units with or without the “A” are the same unit.\n The Adjusted Unit code that we created simply assigns the units with the\n “A” to the original Unit number. What was “1A” in the Unit code becomes “1”\n in the Adjusted Unit code. In a few cases, mostly involving features that\n overlap two units, provenience was recorded as both units (e.g., 2/13). In\n these cases, the adjusted unit is the unit in which the strat was most\n extensive.\n \n \n

\n

\n Strat\n

\n

\n This is the stratigraphic code assigned in the field based on a variety of\n geoarchaeological criteria, including relative position in the\n stratigraphic sequence, composition, color, texture, lithology, etc.\n (Sterling et al., 2006).\n

\n

\n Adjusted_Strat\n

\n

\n In most cases, the Adjusted_Strat code is the same as the Strat code. In a\n very small number of cases, the Adjusted Strat was used to correct data\n entry errors in the Burke Museum catalog. In other cases, matrix with\n similar characteristics were designated as two or more strata with a slash\n convention, eg. 5.1.3.2/6.5, because of uncertainty about the best match.\n Unit level records were consulted to resolve this; generally, there were\n notes about later determinations of the strat, or continuity with adjacent\n units was the determinant.\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n Feature\n

\n

\n This code refers to the sequential number unique to each Area (e.g., A, B,\n C, D) assigned to a cultural feature (e.g., hearths, post molds, etc.,)\n over the course of fieldwork (Reetz et al., 2006). \n

\n

\n Level\n

\n

\n Designates an arbitrary level within a natural stratum (Reetz et al.,\n 2006). We retained “OVB” for overburden and “U” designating materials\n recovered from a collapsed wall as per the Burke Museum catalogue. Our\n project added the code “NLR” to indicate that no level records existed for\n the sample.\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n CZ\n

\n

\n CZ refers to chrono-stratigraphic or more simply, “chronozone” (CZ).\n Campbell et al. (2019) defined seven CZs based on use of 59 radiocarbon\n ages and analysis of depositional sequences of field-identified strata (see\n table below). Through this process, all unique field-documented strata and\n associated samples (C, CX, S buckets and in situ E specimens) were\n assigned to one of the seven CZs, from CZ 1 (2150–1750 cal BP) to CZ 7\n (300–150 cal BP). Chronozone 4b (CZ 4b) consisted of material that had been\n displaced in the past by erosion or house construction; fauna from these\n samples were not included in the overall analysis.\n

\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n Chronozone\n

\n 		\n

\n Age Range (CalBP)\n

\n 		\n

\n Mid-Point (CalBP)\n

\n
\n

\n CZ 7\n

\n 		\n

\n 300–150\n

\n 		\n

\n 225\n

\n
\n

\n CZ 6\n

\n 		\n

\n 550–300\n

\n 		\n

\n 425\n

\n
\n

\n CZ 5\n

\n 		\n

\n 1000–550\n

\n 		\n

\n 775\n

\n
\n

\n CZ 4\n

\n 		\n

\n 1300–1000\n

\n 		\n

\n 1150\n

\n
\n

\n CZ 3\n

\n 		\n

\n 1550–1300\n

\n 		\n

\n 1425\n

\n
\n

\n CZ 2\n

\n 		\n

\n 1750–1550\n

\n 		\n

\n 1650\n

\n
\n

\n CZ 1\n

\n 		\n

\n 2150–1750\n

\n 		\n

\n 1950\n

\n
\n
\n

\n In several instances, strata were not assigned to chronozone because of\n construction disturbance (e.g., Strat 2.0), or because the project team\n decided to exclude sections of the site from chronostratigraphic study\n after faunal analysis had already been completed. The CZ code for such\n samples is “NPA” – “not part of analysis”. In some cases, level records did\n not exist for a given sample, which precluded chronostratigraphic\n assignment. In these cases, the code “NLR” “no level record” was used.\n

\n

\n Depositional Context\n

\n

\n Depositional context was determined by Campbell following close analysis of\n matrix characteristics. Deposits associated with house occupation were\n designated as floor or fill depending on their characteristics (Floor =\n spongy, dark, compact, horizontal; Fill = loose, structureless, sloping).\n Floors were numbered sequentially within a house with 1 designating the\n initial, or lowest floor. Transition Zone designates the area closest to\n the wall, inside the house, where the stratified floor sequence cannot be\n traced due to the different depositional processes in that area. The\n designations Pre-house and Post-house were used only within the footprint\n of the house. Extramural deposits lie outside of house footprints.\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n Extramural\n

\n
\n

\n Fill\n

\n
\n

\n Floor 1\n

\n
\n

\n Floor 2\n

\n
\n

\n Floor 3\n

\n
\n

\n Floor 4\n

\n
\n

\n post-house\n

\n
\n

\n pre-house\n

\n
\n

\n Transition Zone\n

\n
\n

\n NLR (No Level Record)\n

\n
\n

\n NPA (Not Part of Analysis)\n

\n
\n

\n \n \n

\n

\n Bag Type\n

\n

\n This code refers to one of three main field sampling methods described by\n LAAS personnel (Kaehler and Lewarch, 2006) and which appears in the\n original Master Catalog. Most buckets from a given stratum were screened to\n 1/4″ and called Sample or ‘S’ buckets. Invertebrate\n shell was not retained from S buckets. A minimum of one bucket was\n processed from each stratum of each 1 m2 grid unit and screened\nto 1/8″ mesh. Such buckets were labeled Complete or ‘C’ buckets. Finally, relatively large remains were recordedin situ during excavation and referred to as ‘E’ samples. The codes listed\n under Bag Type refer to one of these three codes, S, C, or E from the\n original catalog. The 2012-2019 project team found that about half of the\n so-called “C” bags were not in fact “complete”, but rather were missing\n 1/8” mesh materials. LAAS protocols changed over the project.\n Importantly—the Master Catalog did not distinguish such buckets. Both were\n labelled “C” in the Master Catalog. The project team created a revised\n coding system to address this issue. See Analytic Bag Type and Butler et\n al. (2018a). \n

\n

\n Analytic_Bag Type\n

\n

\n For S and E buckets, the code for Bag Type and Analytic Bag type is the\n same. We created a new code,\n
\n “CX” to distinguish true “C” buckets (that included matrix >1/8”) from\n those buckets from which only 1/ 4” mesh and larger were retained. Thus,\n for Analytic Bag Type, possible codes include S, E, C\n (which includes all matrix >1/8”) and CX (which\n includes only matrix > 1/ 4”). We highlight that our faunal records do\n in fact include specimens from CX buckets listed from 1/8” matrix because\n our understanding of the “C” and “CX” distinction occurred after we had\n already begun our analysis and recorded identifications. The 1/8” samples\n from CX buckets should not be included in systematic analysis of faunal\n representation, given lack of control on mesh size.\n \n \n

\n

\n Quant_Fish\n

\n

\n For all bones and shell, the number is either NSP (for specimens identified\n to class) or NISP (Number of Identified Specimens) for those identified\n more specifically. \n

\n

\n Faunal­_Category\n

\n

\n This refers to the main animal type--- Aves, Fish, Mammal, Invertebrate and\nVertebrate. Note, the Fish data file also includes two reptile specimens (Catalog Numbers: WS-11694.99.08.23 and\n WS-11992.99.08.23).\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n A Note on Taxonomic/Linnaean Hierarchy\n

\n

\n In general, we attempted to identify bones/bone fragments and shells/shell\n fragments to the most specific taxon possible. Each specialist has slightly\n different systems for recording that information, much of which is dictated\n by the specifics of the taxonomic group they work on.\n

\n

\n Identification was recorded according to the Linnaean hierarchy, using the\n most recent nomenclature available. If a particular level of the hierarchy\n could not be reached, say a specimen could only be identified to the level\n of Family, all lower fields (Genus and Species, in this example) are left\n blank. Note that for species-level IDs, only the species epithet is listed\n in the “Species” field—both the Genus and the Species fields must be\n combined to extract the Linnaean species.\n

\n

\n Finally, the most specific taxonomic level for each specimen is also listed\n under “Finest Taxon” (see below).\n

\n

\n Class\n

\n

\n Subclass\n

\n

\n Order\n

\n

\n Family\n

\n

\n Genus\n

\n

\n Species\n

\n

\n Finest Taxon\n

\n

\n Finest taxon refers to the most specific taxonomic classification (e.g.\n class, order, family, genus, species) to which a sample can be assigned.\n This may or may not correspond to a Linnaean taxon. See “A Note on\n Taxonomic/Linnaean Hierarchy” above. Specimens which could only be assigned\n to a faunal category are listed here as that category. Thus, specimens\n which can only be assigned to “Fish” are listed in Finest Taxon as “Fish”.\n \n \n

\n

\n Element\n

\n

\n The primary skeletal element represented by the sample.\n

\n

\n Landmark\n

\n

\n Yes or No. For each specimen, we recorded whether it included a unique\n morphological landmark. The landmark is the best represented\n non-overlapping section of a given element, such that the element can only\n be counted once. The landmark is typically the most robust and distinctive\n portion of the element that is most useful for taxonomic separation. For\n example, for the dentary, it was the rostral portion that includes the\n symphysis border; for hyomandibula, it was the caudal process that\n articulates with the opercle; for articular/angular, it was the articular\n surface for the quadrate. The landmark for vertebrae was the opening for\n the notochord as seen on both faces of the centrum.\n

\n

\n Burn\n

\n

\n Yes or No. Indicates whether or not the specimen/s showed evidence of\n burning. Because bone specimens showed a wide range of colors that could be\n interpreted as staining rather than burning, we took a conservative\n approach to identifying burning and thermal alteration. The “Burn” category\n combines all those specimens that were identified as thermally altered,\n burned, or calcined.\n

\n

\n Comments\n

\n

\n Additional comments or observations not already captured in another field.\n These can range from thoughts or impressions on what the likely taxon may\n be, to specifics about the condition of the bone, notes on the presence of\n specific elements (such as teeth), or whether the specimen was originally\n identified as shell, bird, or mammal and transferred to Butler lab for\n analysis.\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n References \n

\n

\n Butler, V. L., Bovy, K. M., Campbell, S. K., Etnier, M.A. 2018.\n Čḯxʷicən Faunal Sample Selection and Processing for the 2012-2019 Analysis.\n \n In The Čḯxʷicən Project. Virginia L Butler, Kristine\n M Bovy, Sarah K Campbell, Michael A Etnier, Sarah L Sterling (Eds.).\n Released: 2020-07-21. Open Context. http://opencontext.org/media/1fad36bc-21d1-479e-9ee4-e58d31ceedce DOI: https://doi.org/10.6078/M7BC3WNP.\n

\n

\n Campbell, S.K., Sterling, S.L., Lewarch, D.E., 2019. Building a landscape\n history and occupational chronology at Čḯxwicən, a coastal\n village on the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington State, U.S.A. Journal of\n Archaeological Science: Reports 23, 1104-1130.\n

\n

\n Kaehler, G., Lewarch, D.E., 2006. Laboratory processing, data entry, and\n curation. In: L. Larson (Ed.), Final Data Recovery Excavation and\n Archaeological Monitoring at the Tse-whit-zen Site (45CA523), Clallam\n County, Washington, Volume 1, Larson Anthropological Archaeological\n Services Limited, Gig Harbor, Washington. Submitted to Washington State\n Department of Transportation, Olympia Region, 2-1.\n

\n

\n Reetz, E.C., Lewarch, D.E., Trudel, S.E., Gillis, N., Kanipe, H.E.,\n Sterling, S.L., Tatum, D.E., Kekkonen, S., 2006. Field techniques. In:\n Larson, L.L. (Ed.), Final Data Recovery Excavation and Archaeological\n Monitoring at the Tse-whit-zen Site (45CA523), Clallam County, Washington.\n Volume 1. Larson Anthropological Archaeological Services Limited, Gig\n Harbor, Washington. Submitted to\n

\n

\n Washington State Department of Transportation, Olympia Region, 4-1.\n

\n

\n Sterling, S., Lewarch, D., Tatum, D., Dellert, J., Reetz, E., Trudel, S.,\n Gillis, N., 2006. Stratigraphy and geoarchaeology of the Tse-whit-zen site\n (45CA523). In: Larson, L. (Ed.), Final Data Recovery Excavation and\n Archaeological Monitoring at the Tsewhit-zen Site (45CA523), Clallam\n County, Washington. Volume 1, Larson Anthropological Archaeological\n Services Limited, Gig Harbor, Washington. Submitted to\n

\n

\n Washington State Department of Transportation, Olympia Region, 7-1.\n

\n\n\n
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