Open Context Projects and Collections

Mikt’sqaq Angayuk Finds: (Overview)

2013-03-08T12:04:40-07:00

Mikt’sqaq Angayuk Finds

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Asian Stoneware Jars: (Overview)

2013-03-07T14:56:31-07:00

Asian Stoneware Jars

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Zooarchaeology of Öküzini Cave: (Overview)

2013-03-02T16:13:07-07:00

Zooarchaeology of Öküzini Cave

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Zooarchaeology of Karain Cave B: (Overview)

2013-03-01T13:11:35-07:00

West Stow West Zooarchaeology: (Overview)

2013-02-24T14:38:10-07:00

West Stow West Zooarchaeology

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Introduction These faunal remains were collected from excavations conducted in advance of the construction of a new Visitors' Centre at West Stow. The excavations uncovered early Anglo-Saxon structures as well as a substantial quantity of animal remains. These are part of the same site that was excavated by Stanley West from 1965-72. The new data suggest that the site was far larger than was originally thought. Data from West Stow West are also included in the following forthcoming publication: Crabtree, P. J. And Campana, D. V., 2013: Secondary products, wealth, and trade in Middle Saxon England. In McCarty, S., and Arbuckle, B. S., eds. Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World. Boulder: University of Colorado Press, in press. A preliminary report has been submitted to the Suffolk County Archaeological Unit, and we expect that the final publication will be included in a future volume of East Anglian Archaeology. Methodology The methods used are the same as those that were used to describe the original West Stow faunal assemblage. These are described in detail in Crabtree (1990, see below). Ribs and vertebrae (except for atlas, axis, and sacrum) were excluded from the calculations of species ratios in the published data in order to make these results comparable to those from the original West Stow excavations. Potential Applications of Data These data add to the increasing body of evidence for early Anglo-Saxon animal husbandry and hunting. Related Publications Crabtree, P. 2012 Middle Saxon Animal Husbandry in East Anglia. East Anglian Archaeology 143. [WorldCat] Crabtree, P. 1990 West Stow: Early Anglo-Saxon Animal Husbandry. East Anglian Archaeology 47. [WorldCat] Image Credit Credit for this project's illustrative image belongs to Dick Penn via Flickr (CC-BY license)

Murlo: (Overview)

2013-03-01T13:48:53-07:00

Murlo

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Introduction Poggio Civitate first emerges as a major settlement in the late 8th century BCE. The hill is situated at the edge of Tuscany's metal rich Colline Metalifere and commands a view of the Ombrone river valley. The Colline Metalifere is a chain of hills stretching from the Ombrone Valley to the Tuscan coast that contains some of the Mediterranean's richest deposits of copper and iron ore, a fact that likely contributed to the site's emergence during the socially and economically dynamic Orientalizing and Archaic periods. Phase 1: 675-600 BCE Although some sporadic evidence suggests human occupation of Poggio Civitate at a point as early as the 10th or 9th centuries BCE, the first evidence of dramatic, monumental architectural development dates to the Orientalizing Period. Originally discovered in 1970, a structure now known as OC1/Residence served as an opulent residential structure for members of the site's social elite. In addition to an elaborate sculptural decorative program that adorned the building's tiled, terracotta roof, a number of materials recovered from the structure's floor point to the daily life of aristocrats of this period. Large volumes of cooking equipment, massive storage vessels, a banquet service of imported Greek and locally produced fine wares, bone, antler and ivory inlays that once decorated furniture, as well as numerous objects of personal ornamentation and everyday use were found on the building's floor. The Greek pottery found on the building's floor indicates that the building destruction by fire occurred around the end of the seventh century BCE. Other ceramic evidence, somewhat more controversial, suggests that the building may have been constructed some time in the second quarter of the seventh century BCE. In the early 1980s, excavation along the southeast flank of Piano del Tesoro revealed the presence of another building that was contemporary with OC1/Residence. This building stretched a remarkable 52 meters in length, considerably larger than the largest structures in the Greek world with which it was contemporary. Like OC1/Residence, this building also employed a tiled terracotta roof that was similarly decorated with akroteria and a sculpted lateral sima. However, in spite of the building's ornamentation, it clearly served as the site's primary area of industry. As a result, this structure is now known as OC2/Workshop. The pavilion-style building housed numerous types of manufacturing, including bronze casting, bone and antler carving, terracotta manufacture, ceramics production, food processing and textile manufacture. This building is currently the earliest example of such a multifunctional workshop known in Central Italy. However, it is striking that given of the volume of materials this building produced, virtually nothing manufactured at Poggio Civitate has been found at other sites in the region. Instead, current evidence suggests the building was intended primarily to support the community of Poggio Civitate itself and perhaps the surrounding hinterland, with virtually all production being locally consumed. In 1996 through 1999, excavation immediately to the south of OC1/Residence revealed the presence of a third building of this complex - a large Tripartite building which is now called OC3/Tripartite. Although much of the building was destroyed in the subsequent building of the later phase of the site, enough of the floor plan was preserved to allow the reconstruction of a building with a large central cella flanked by two chambers precisely half the dimensions of the central room. Both the building's tripartite form and examples of luxurious inscribed vessels found resting on the floor of the central cella suggest this building may have been an early example of a temple, making it one of the earliest examples of monumental religious architecture in Italy known to date. All three of these buildings of this Orientalizing period complex were destroyed in a single fire that appears to have been accidental. While there can be little certainty on this point, it is remarkable that the day the building's burned down, workers in the Workshop were manufacturing roofing tiles and had placed several on the floor to dry in the shade of the roof. In the panic of the unexpected fire, workers fled and stepped on the drying clay, firing their footprints into the floor. Phase 2: 600-535 BCE In the aftermath of the conflagration that destroyed the 7th century complex, the survivors appear to have combed through the destruction to salvage anything of value. The debris of the earlier complex was scraped to level and flatten the plateau in preparation for the construction of a massive four-winged building enclosing central and southern courtyards. Each wing was 60m in length and a western defensive work extended that façade an additional 30m. Like the buildings of the earlier complex, this structure was also elaborately decorated with terracotta sculpture in the round that sat along the pitch of the roof. In addition, frieze plaques were nailed to exposed wooden beams, a sculpted lateral sima system ornamented the courtyard while gorgon antefixes decorated the building's perimeter. This remarkable building, far larger than any known in the Mediterranean for its time period, has been the subject of considerable debate. Speculation as to its function has lead to such theories suggesting it functioned as a political meeting hall, a religious sanctuary, a palazzo and even an Etruscan version of an agora. Currently, the excavators believe that the building combined the functions of the disparate structures of the earlier phase into a single edifice, dating to the early 6th century BCE. Perhaps the most enigmatic feature of the building involves its destruction. Based on the latest pottery from the site, some time shortly after the middle of the 6th century BCE, the building was dismantled. The statuary was removed from the roof and smashed, the fragments separated and then buried in pits around the perimeter of the building. The walls were knocked over and the site was never reoccupied from that point on. Phase 3: Post 535 BCE The socio-political community of this region was almost certainly not limited to Poggio Civitate itself. Limited evidence of occupation contemporary with both phases of development on Poggio Civitate are known from communities in the immediate vicinity of the hill. Vescovado di Murlo, Lupompesi, Murlo, Castelnouvo Tancredi and Montepescini all preserve indication communities contemporary with Poggio Civitate, although only limited archaeological exploration of these areas has been undertaken. Chamber tombs dating to the 4th to 3rd centuries were found in Vescovado di Murlo in 1960 and a ceramic kiln dating to approximately the middle of the 5th century BCE discovered during road construction in 1970. In 2006, excavators were given permission to further explore the area around the kiln. This worked revealed traces of domestic architecture contemporary with the kilns as well as sporadic evidence of an occupation horizon for this area contemporary with the at least the Archaic phase of occupation of Poggio Civitate. This evidence suggests that not only did ancient occupation of the region continue after the final destruction of Poggio Civitate, but also that the monumental buildings of the site did not stand alone in isolation. They can rather be thought to have formed a nucleus of a broader community, with the elites of Poggio Civitate at the center of a dispersed population clustered around the hill. Poggio Civitate Data in Open Context The Poggio Civitate Excavation Project maintains a rich database referenced by researchers across the world. To augment this database and to enable greater interoperability, work began in the summer of 2012 to use Open Context as an additional data dissemination channel. The data published in Open Context currently focuses on the Poggio Civitate object catalog. Trench descriptions, locus descriptions, and excavation logs are forthcoming. In addition to reproducing the object catalog shared at the Poggio Civitate Excavation Project website, the catalog data published in Open Context includes additional descriptions using a controlled vocabulary, developed by Anthony Tuck, Teresa Huntsman, and Eric Kansa. The controlled vocabulary provides additional precision to querying the object catalog data. To promote greater semantic interoperability of these data, Eric Kansa then related terms in this controlled vocabulary to the British Museum's Thesaurus. In addition to augmenting the object catalog with a controlled vocabulary, the Poggio Civitate data in Open Context includes a comprehensive zooarchaeological dataset developed by Sarah Whitcher Kansa between 2011 and 2012. This zooarchaeological assemblage is the first such dataset aligned to the UBERON phenotype and anatomy ontology in Open Context. It is probably the first application of UBERON for any zooarchaeological dataset. This release of Poggio Civitate Excavation Project data in Open Context is still at a preliminary stage. Open Context does not yet provide all the information in the catalog database because data cleaning and modeling efforts have yet to be completed. Additional documentation and context descriptions are forthcoming as well, as are additional geo-spatial data and querying and visualization features. Acknowledgements Poggio Civitate Excavation Project data in Open Context is made possible through financial support of the Poggio Civitate Excavation Project, a Digital Innovation Fellowship from the American Council for Learned Societies, and a National Endowment for the Humanities Digital Humanities Implementation Grant.

Hacksilber Project: (Overview)

2012-09-19T08:42:12-07:00

Hacksilber Project

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The Hacksilber Project documents metals in Mediterranean and Near Eastern contexts dating between 1500 and 500 BCE, using lead isotope and other analyses to address long-standing questions of trade, connectivity, ideology and economy.

The Project’s flagship archaeometallurgical study centers on the Cisjordan Corpus of Iron Age hacksilber hoards, and its identity as the only coherent body of silver artifacts in the Mediterranean and Near East recognized for its capacity to shed light, within a sequential, chronological framework, on the question of whether the Phoenicians had been engaged in long-distance silver-trade prior to their colonization of the western Mediterranean. The Cisjordan Corpus was identified in 2003 in the Oxford Journal of Archaeology (22.1 67-107), and now comprises 36 silver hoards that span the entire Levantine Iron Age from c. 1200 to 586 BCE. The hoards have been recovered from 14 sites between Akko and Arad in today’s Israel and Palestinian territories, and the Corpus remains the largest identified concentration of pre-coinage silver hoards in the ancient Near East.

Lead isotope analyses of the silver objects in the hoards determine the extent to which the ratios of hacksilber artifacts are consistent with ore-bodies in the western and eastern Mediterranean. These data provide a basis for investigating a diachronic increase in the incorporation of silver or lead from places like Spain, Sardinia and the Aegean into the networks that reached the Levant. Related research identifies silver, gold, copper, bronze and lead in other sealed contexts from the same period, particularly graves and hoards, to define comparative data-sets. These comparanda are integrated with the data from the Cisjordan Corpus to reconstruct diachronic, contextual and regional variations in metallic preferences that reflect shifting patterns of circulation, connectivity and, sometimes, ideology.

Kenan Tepe: (Overview)

2013-03-01T13:45:01-07:00

Kenan Tepe

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The Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project Information System (UIS)

The following pages contain a complete record of the data accumulated during the Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project’s excavations at the archaeological site of Kenan Tepe in southeastern Turkey. This includes all context information, photographs, day plans, journals, drawings and analyses generated over the course of ten years of field work.

The Archaeological Site of Kenan Tepe

Kenan Tepe is a multi-period archaeological site located on the north bank of the Tigris River 18 kilometers west of the Tigris-Batman confluence and 12 kilometers east of the modern town of Bismil in Diyarbakır Province, southeastern Turkey. Archaeological research conducted between 2000 and 2011 indicates that Kenan Tepe was occupied during five broad time periods. The earliest remains unearthed at Kenan Tepe belong to the Ubaid period. These remains are concentrated on the eastern slopes of Kenan Tepe’s main mound (Area D). Carbon samples taken from outside three Ubaid structures in trenches D5, D8 and E2 yielded 2-sigma calibrated dates ranging around 4650 BCE, while seriation analysis suggests that Ubaid occupation terminates in the Terminal Ubaid period at approximately 4300 BCE (Parker and Kennedy 2010). Remains dating to the Late Chalcolithic period have been discovered in abundance in the easternmost area of Kenan Tepe’s lower town (Area F) and in several soundings near the high mound (Parker et al. 2003; 2006). Carbon-14 analyses from Late Chalcolithic contexts have yielded dates in the late LC 3 or early LC 4 period (between ca. 3600 and 3500 BCE) and the LC 5 period (ca. 3100 BCE [Creekmore 2007; Parker et al. 2006]). Four more carbon dates from fortification/retaining walls on the high mound show that occupation continued through the Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age transition (ca. 3000 BCE [Parker et al. 2006; Parker and Dodd 2005]). An analysis of the ceramics from various areas at Kenan Tepe combined with two carbon dates confirms that occupation at the site probably continued at least through the first half of the Early Bronze Age. Middle Bronze Age remains have been recovered on the eastern, western and northern slopes of the high mound (Areas A, B, C). Carbon-14 analysis places these remains around 1800 BCE (Parker et al. 2003; Parker and Dodd 2003). Kenan Tepe was again occupied in the Early Iron Age as evidenced by the presence of Early Iron Age Corrugated Wares dating between ca. 1050 and 900 B.C. (Parker et al. 2004. Also see Parker 2003).

Geomorphological Description of the Site

Measuring approximately 4.5 hectares in total size, Kenan Tepe is composed of a 32-meter high main mound and a lower town stretching off to the northeast of the main mound. The site is situated on a Pleistocene terrace composed of interspersed siltstones and sedimentary conglomerates close to the geographic center of the Upper Tigris River Valley. Virgin soil, which was reached in several trenches in the eastern portion of Kenan Tepe’s lower town, is 23.7m above the current level of the Tigris River. The top of Kenan Tepe’s main mound is 56.3m above the Tigris and rises 32.6m above the ground surface at the far eastern end of Kenan Tepe’s lower town. Kenan Tepe’s main datum, which is located at the top of the main mound (in Area A), is 37 49 50.11634 N by 40 48 47.59917 E and is 603.724 m in elevation relative to WGS84.

Kenan Tepe presently overlooks a broad bend in the Tigris River. This area, known today as the Osman Merçalı, contains a number of gravel bars, channel islands and meander scars suggesting that the reach of the river was likely much broader in antiquity. Kenan Tepe lies on the cutbank side of a current sharp meander loop in the Tigris River: at Kenan Tepe the Tigris River turns abruptly from ca. 335° north/northwest to ca. 53° east in a stretch of only 0.6 kilometers. The energy created by this abrupt river course change has incised a deep channel close to the north bank of the river undercutting part of the eastern boundaries of the site. This being the case, it is impossible to determine Kenan Tepe’s total area in antiquity. However, visible mounding extends for ca. 225m from southeast to northwest and ca. 350m from southwest to northeast (Parker et al. 2006).

History of the Excavation

Excavations at Kenan Tepe took place under the aegis of the Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project (UTARP). The project’s director (Bradley Parker) founded UTARP in the winter of 1998 as a multi-year survey and excavation project in an area of the Tigris River Valley that will be flooded by the construction of two dams on the river north of the Iraqi border. This area was targeted based on previous reconnaissance surveys that had identified the rich but undocumented cultural heritage of the Upper Tigris River region (Algaze 1989; Kolars and Mitchell 1992). UTARP began with intensive surveys at three sites: Boztepe, Talavaş Tepe and Kenan Tepe. Exploratory excavations were carried out at the site of Boztepe (Parker and Creekmore 2002; Parker Creekmore and Easton 2001a, 2001b). Then in 2000, the focus of research shifted to the larger multi-period mound of Kenan Tepe (Parker et al. 2002a, 2002b).

UTARP team members carried out archaeological field research at Kenan Tepe from 2000 to 2008. Over the course of these nine seasons, which included six seasons of excavation (2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005 and 2007) and three study seasons (2003, 2006 and 2008), the team extensively explored various aspects of Kenan Tepe’s occupational history by excavating 68 trenches of varying sizes and depths (including 1 by 1, 2 by 2 and 3 by 3 meter soundings, 5 by 5, 3 by 10, 5 by 10 and 10 by 10 meter trenches). Further study of the material remains recovered from the site continued for a number of years after the ten-year anniversary of the project as the director, staff and specialists prepared the final publications of the excavations.

The Kenan Tepe Information System

At the founding of UTARP, the director prioritized the comprehensive digital recording of the project as a model of information sharing in archaeology. Since the very first season of excavation at Kenan Tepe in 2000, UTARP team members have meticulously digitized all of their excavation data, usually on the same day they were collected. All of the photographs of loci and objects were captured with digital cameras. Each evening in the field dighouse, team members entered their paper forms into a database, typed up their hand-written journal entries, and scanned their hand-drawn daily trench plans. Specialists also collected their detailed data digitally and merged these with the central excavation database. The data were interconnected using a tree of related tables in order to organize the individual pieces of information about each stage of excavation and analysis (Parker et al. 2003). The results are presented here as a complete digital record of UTARP’s excavations at Kenan Tepe.

Archaeological Research Program

The research agenda at Kenan Tepe was divided into two phases. Because so little was known about the site and the region when this research began, the goal of the first phase of research at Kenan Tepe (2000-2003) was to define aspects of the archaeological record recoverable at Kenan Tepe that might be applicable to the region as a whole and to characterize aspects of the archaeological record that could aid us in later problem-oriented research. To reach this goal the first four field seasons were meant to define the ceramic chronology of the site and the region, to precisely determine the nature and locational focus of settlement at Kenan Tepe during each period it was occupied, and to quickly publish our data in preliminary reports from each field season.

During the second phase of the project (2004-2008), UTARP team members focused on broad theoretical issues that could be addressed through further excavation at the site. Bradley Parker spearheaded research on the nature of society in the upper Tigris River region during the Ubaid period, addressing such questions as how the advancements in subsistence production achieved during the preceding periods was applied during the Ubaid period and how those advances affected community organization and cohesion (Parker 2010; 2011; Parker and Kennedy 2010). Catherine Foster led research into Kenan Tepe’s Late Chalcolithic remains addressing the issue of if, or how, the Uruk expansion affected local Late Chalcolithic communities on the northern fringes of the Mesopotamian periphery (Foster 2009; 2011). And finally, Lynn Dodd directed research on interregional interaction during the Middle Bronze Age focusing particularly on ceramic production and metallurgy (Parker and Dodd 2003).

Gazetteer of UTARP Publications

The director and staff of UTARP felt a responsibility to make the results of our research available to the wider archaeological community in a timely manner. We approached this goal from two directions. First, we committed to publishing preliminary reports from each of our field seasons (preferably in English and Turkish), and achieved this through the collaborative effort by various UTARP team members. Second, we endeavored to make analyses of the emerging data available as quickly as possible. Synthetic research that either integrates UTARP data into larger studies or focuses on specific categories of data was more difficult to produce, nevertheless a number of synthetic articles and book chapters have appeared in a variety of venues. Many of the reports and other studies are available on the UTARP website at http://www.utarp.org/.

A number of detailed studies of this data are still under way. Due to the diachronic and preliminary nature of UTARP’s past publications, there will obviously be some overlap in the information published in different articles, and our conclusions have evolved as we collected and analyzed additional data each season. The data and analysis that appear in our final reports should be seen as the last and most complete word on the topic.

The following is a list of publications resulting from UTARP’s excavations at Kenan Tepe. The list is broken down into Reports, Dissertations and Synthetic Studies and is presented chronologically from newest to oldest. Publications that appeared in the same year are listed alphabetically.

Reports:

Open Access]

Article] [DOI]

Open Access]

Article] [DOI]

Open Access] [JSTOR] [Issue]

Open Access]

Abstract]

Open Access] [Abstract]

Synthetic Studies:

Article] [DOI]

WorldCat]

JSTOR] [Issue]

WorldCat]

JSTOR] [Issue]

Open Access] [JSTOR] [Issue]

Open Access]

Acknowledgements

Archaeological research is by definition a team effort. Looking back over more than a decade of research it is gratifying to list numerous individuals, institutions and organizations who contributed to the success to the Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project. It is our firm belief that progress in the understanding of the human past can only be made through the cooperation and collaboration of scholars and students within specific research groups, between various research projects and among numerous disciplines. It is our hope that the UTARP project stands as a testament to this belief, especially with our timely open publication of our entire dataset.

We would like to thank the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism for granting us permission to conduct this research. We would also like to thank Necdet İnal and Nevin Soyukaya of the Diyarbakır Museum for their assistance to the project. We are also indebted to our government representatives: Hamdi Ekiz (2000), Latif Özer (2001), Musa Tombul (2002), Melek Çanga (2003), Ömür Tufan (2004), Erdal Savim (2005), Ferat Çokun (2006), Resul İbiş (2007), Suat Şahin (2008), Ali Altay (2010), Melek Çanga (2011). The UTARP staff was made up of: Bradley Parker (Director and Founder), Lynn Dodd (Co-director), Catherine Foster (Assistant Director), Andrew Creekmore (Assistant Director). Specialists included: Phillip Graham (Archaeobotonist), Alexia Smith (Archaeobotanist), Jason Kennedy (Ceramicist), Peter Cobb (Information Architect), Elizabeth Healey (Lithic Specialist), Margaret Abraham (Metalurgist), David Hopwood (Oseologist), Drew McGaraghan (Visual Artist), Richard Paine (Osteologist), Remi Berthon (Zooarchaeologist), Chiara Cavallo (Zooarchaeologist), Jenni Heneke (Zooarchaeologist), Sarah Kansa (Zooarchaeologists). Trench supervisors included: Diana Backus, Marco Baldi, Brian Bingham, Kristen Butler, Elizabeth Clark, Elvan Cobb, Debbie Dillie, Chuck Easton, Melissa Eppihimer, Tuba Gencler, Bekir Gürdil, Marie Hopwood, Phil Jones, David Lunt, Cathryn Meegan, Chris Moon, Eleanor Moseman, Jeanne Nijhowne, Emily Ogle, Jacob Pawlowicz, Greer Rabicca, Ashley Sands, Randy Sasaki, Jonathan Schnereger, Rob Sinnot, Katie Smith, Amy Stevens, Michaelle Stikich, Dawnelle Sommerville-Moon, Sibel Torpil, Mila Tzvetkova-Hover, Andrew Ugan, Barish Uzel, Jonathan Vidar.

We would like to offer our sincere gratitude to the many institutions and agencies that helped fund the Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project (UTARP) over more than a decade of research. These include the University of Utah, the University of Southern California, the National Science Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Geographic Society, the American Research Institute in Turkey, the American Schools of Oriental Research, the Curtiss T. and Mary G. Brennan Foundation and the American Philosophical Society.

Finally, we would like to thank Eric Kansa for the countless hours he spent aiding us in the integration of our database with Open Context.

Rough Cilicia: (Overview)

2012-04-28T14:54:03-07:00

Rough Cilicia

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Description of this Project / Collection:

Editor's Note: This project is released in a preliminary draft stage for demonstration purposes. Additional documentation and content is forthcomming. [April 28, 2012]

The data represents a sub-sample of recorded architectural features, tombs or funerary monuments that have been investigated by the Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey Project. Over 13 field seasons, the survey has assembled records for 231 funerary monuments or tombs at 26 discrete and named locations. These include a wide variety of tombs, including temple tombs, grabhaus or mausoleum tombs, mortar constructed, vaulted chambers, rock cut tombs, smaller Lycian-style house tombs, pedestals, altars, and stone carved ossuary boxes knows as larnaces or ostothekai. The purpose of the Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey Project is to examine the process of Roman provincial acculturation through the lens of Rough Cilician material and cultural remains. Conceived as a regional survey in western Rough Cilicia (a mountainous coastal region along the south coast of modern Turkey, modern Antalya Province, Gazipasha District), the Rough Cilicia team has investigated some 300 km2 of archaeological terrain in thirteen seasons (1996-2011).

The team has mapped and processed surface remains at approximately 150 "loci" (including 10 small urban sites) of past human activity. It has constructed plans for 12 selected built environments ranging from large urban settlements along the coast (Selinus, Iotape, Kestros, Antioch) to isolated farms in the hinterland.

Dhiban Excavation and Development Project: (Overview)

2011-08-05T18:46:25-07:00

Dhiban Excavation and Development Project

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Introduction

The Dhiban Excavation and Development Project (DEDP) investigates the archaeology, environment, and history of Dhiban, a Middle Eastern town located today in west-central Jordan. Dhiban has been settled intermittently over the past five millennia and is today the largest town on the Dhiban Plateau. Started in 2004, the DEDP is a collaborative project involving scholars from Europe, the Middle East, and North America, and is directed by Katherine Adelsberger (Knox College), Danielle S. Fatkin (Knox College), Benjamin W. Porter (University of California, Berkeley), and Bruce Routledge (University of Liverpool).

A durable and persistent attachment to place is readily observed at Dhiban, located approximately 70 kilometers south of 'Amman, Jordan's capital city. Over the last five millennia, Dhiban has seen repeated attempts to organize large sedentary populations in unique configurations, only to see these efforts languish after only a few centuries. Physical evidence for these trials are found throughout Dhiban's vicinity, but are most concentrated in a 15-hectare tall adjacent to the modern settlement. Here, physical evidence from the Early Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the Nabataean, Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic settlements can be recovered using archaeological research methods.

The Dhiban Excavation and Development Project's research design reflects its multi-disciplinary concerns that span history, geology, anthropology, tourism studies, and the materials sciences. The following five goals currently shape the project's research design. More information can be found in the DEDP's publications.

Determining the size, date, and nature of Dhiban's various settlement episodes

An important goal of any archaeological project is to define the size, location, and nature of each settlement episode. This goal is particularly challenging at Dhiban, where most evidence is found in stratified contexts. The careful excavation of particular kinds of organic evidence allows the DEDP to date each settlement episode using radiocarbon dating techniques. The DEDP is also determining the size and nature of each settlement episode using surface survey and excavation of randomly selected units.

Documenting landscape use in Dhiban's vicinity

While its position on the King's Highway in part explains why this location witnessed repeated settlement, Dhiban is barely suitable for large-scale human habitation. No natural springs are found at Dhiban and the area receives less than 300 millimeters of precipitation per year, making rain-fed agricultural production risky and successful water storage a necessity. Why, despite these adverse conditions, did Middle Easterners return--and indeed, continue to return--to this place is an intriguing question that drives us to explore Dhiban's ancient and modern communities.

Reconstructing agricultural, pastoralist, and craft economies

A number of agricultural, pastoral, and craft industries were organized at Dhiban over the past five millennia. Sheep and goat, wheat and barley, commonly produced products in Near Eastern societies, were popular at Dhiban, as were other niche industries. Excavations indicate that the various communities consumed ceramic, stone, metal, and glass objects, some of which were likely produced at or near the settlement. Paleoethnobotanical (i.e., the study of ancient carbonized seeds), zooarchaeological (i.e., the study of ancient animal remains), and materials scientific analytical techniques help piece together how these industries were organized, what resources were used, and how they changed over time.

Measuring the impacts of imperial interventions

Like the rest of the Levant, Dhiban fell under the sway of different empires throughout its history. Written sources and archaeological evidence suggest that at least seven empires were present at Dhiban, from the Assyrian, Roman, and Byzantine to the Ummayad, Mamluk, Ottoman, and finally, the British Empires. The effects these empires had on Dhiban's society and economy, however, differed depending on a number of factors. In some instances, empires introduced new economic demands that led to an increase in Dhiban's population and the intensification of its industries. Just how these processes unfolded at the local level demand careful investigation, making it a key concern for the DEDP.

Understanding the contemporary community's relationship with ancient Dhiban

Sitting south of Tall Dhiban is a thriving Jordan community mainly consisting of families from the Bani Hamida tribe, one of the largest tribes in the kingdom. The community was founded during the British Mandate Period (1918-1948) by nomadic pastoralists. Given the ancient site's proximity to the current town, the two spaces are intertwined in a number of interesting relationships. The site is still used as a park for children and picnickers, and grazing ground for pastoralists living near the site. The DEDP is exploring how the site is used as well as the narratives that circulate about ancient Dhiban.

Planning Dhiban's development as an interpretive site and tourism destination

Dhiban's abundant archaeological resources and its position on a well travelled tourism route, the King's Highway, makes it an ideal destination where guests can learn about Jordan's cultural history as well as how a community with limited natural resources has persisted for the last five millennia. Plans are underway to develop ancient Dhiban's archaeological resources.

Acknowledgements

The project wishes to thank the Jordanian Department of Antiquities, particularly its director, Dr. Ziad al-Sa’ad, the American Center of Oriental Research in 'Amman, and the Council for British Research in the Levant. A complete list of project sponsors is listed here:

Bibliography:

Fatkin, Danielle Steen, Benjamin W. Porter, Katherine Adelsberger, Bruce Routledge, Alan Farahani, and Warren Schultz

In press

"The Dhiban Excavation and Development Project's 2009 season" Annual of the Department of Antiquities, Jordan.

Fatkin, Danielle Steen, Katherine Adelsberger, Alan Farahani, Alysia Fischer, Sarah Whitcher Kansa, Justin Lev-Tov, Colleen Morgan, Benjamin W. Porter, Bruce Routledge, and Andrew T. Wilson

In press

"Digging deeper: Technical reports from the Dhiban Excavation and Development Project (2004-2009)" Annual of the Department of Antiquities, Jordan.

Routledge, Bruce

In press

"Water management in the Mesha Inscription and in Moab." Journal of Near Eastern Studies.

Routledge, Bruce

In press

"State formation on the edges of Empire: The case of Iron Age Moab." in L. Tramontini, C. Maier and W. Sommerfeld editors, Staatenbildung und Staatenzerfall im Nahen und Mittleren Osten in Antike und Moderne. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz.

Routledge, Bruce, Benjamin W. Porter, Danielle S. Fatkin, Katherine Adelsberger, and Andrew Wilson

In press

"A Centre in the Periphery: Recent Research on Middle Islamic Dhiban." Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.

Routledge, Bruce, Danielle S. Fatkin, Benjamin W. Porter, Katherine Adelsberger, and Andrew Wilson

In press

"Long-term settlement change at Tall Dhiban." Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan XI.. 'Amman: Department of Antiquities of Jordan.

Pearson, Jeffrey, Colleen Morgan, Alan Farahani, Antonietti Catanzariti, and Benjamin Porter

In press

"The Dhiban Excavation and Development Project: Contributions from Berkeley archaeologists." Journal of Associated Graduates in Near Eastern Studies.

Adelsberger, Katherine A., Bruce Routledge, Benjamin W. Porter, Danielle S. Fatkin and Andrew Wilson

2010

"Identification of Occupational Contexts at Tall Dhiban, Jordan." Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 42(7): 153.

Porter, Benjamin, Bruce Routledge, Danielle Fatkin, William Zimmerle, John Hakes, Johanna Salvant, and Warren Schultz

2010

"The Dhiban Excavation and Development Project's 2005 Season." Annual of the Department of Antiquities, Jordan.

Porter, Benjamin

2010

"Dry dig: Ethics and alcohol in Middle Eastern archaeological practice." Society for American Archaeology’s Archaeological Record 10(5): 7-11. Link: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/37w0t9kr

Porter, Benjamin

2010

"Locating Middle Islamic Dhiban on the Mamluk imperial periphery." Fondation Max van Berchem Bulletin 24: 5-7. Link: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/61c6k3qj

Porter, Benjamin, Bruce Routledge, Danielle Fatkin, William Zimmerle, John Hakes, Johanna Salvant, and Warren Schultz

2010

"The Dhiban Excavation and Development Project's 2005 Season." Annual of the Department of Antiquities, Jordan.

Fatkin, Danielle, Jennifer Jacobs, Benjamin Porter, and Bruce Routledge

2010

"Exploring heritage discourses in Central Jordan." Pp. 159-177 in R. Boytner, L. S. Dodd, and B. Parker, editors. Controlling the past, owning the future: The political uses of archaeology in the Middle East. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Jacobs, Jennifer, and Benjamin Porter

2009

"Excavating turaath: Documenting local and national heritage discourses in Jordan." Pp. 71-88 in L. Mortenson and J. Hollowell, editors. Ethnographies and Archaeologies: Iterations of the Past. University Press of of Florida.

Porter, Benjamin and Robert J. Speakman

2008

"Reading Moabite pigments with Laser Ablation ICP-MS: A New Archaeometric Technique for Near Eastern Archaeology." Near Eastern Archaeology. 71(4): 238-242.

Porter, Benjamin, Bruce Routledge, Danielle Steen, and Firas al-Kawamlha

2007

"The power of place: The Dhiban community through the ages." Pp. 315-322 in T. Levy, P. M. Daviau, R. Younker and M. Shaer editors Crossing Jordan: North American Contributions to the Archaeology of Jordan. London: Equinox.

Porter, Benjamin, Bruce Routledge, Danielle Steen, Carla Parslow, Lidewijde DeJong, and William Zimmerle

2005

"Tall Dhiban 2004 pilot season: Prospection, preservation, and planning." Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 49: 201-216. Link: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2t1020jf

Porter, Benjamin, Bruce Routledge, and Danielle Steen

2005

"Tall Dhiban." American Journal of Archaeology 109(3): 542-544.

2005

"Tall Dhiban." Munjazat 28-29.

2004

"Prospection, preservation and planning at Dhiban." Munjazat 26-27.

Routledge, Bruce E.

2004

Moab in the Iron Age: Hegemony, Polity, Archaeology Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Tal-e Malyan Zooarchaeology: Tal-e Malyan Zooarchaeology

2011-06-24T12:46:42-07:00

Tal-e Malyan Zooarchaeology

Number of associated media items: (0) Number of Associated Narrative Texts: (0)

Description of this Project / Collection:

The Site:

Tal-e Malyan, located 46 km north of Shiraz in the Zagros mountains of Fars Province, is the site of Anshan, a great city, comparable to Elamite Susa and the Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia in size and importance. The ancient city wall embankment encloses more than 200 hectares, and the habitation mound within the wall occupies 130 hectares. Tal-e Malyan was dominant in the Kur River Basin from the late fourth millennium until shortly before the establishment of the Achaemenid empire in the first millennium. Tal-e Malyan has been identified as the site of the ancient Anshan (Hansman 1972; Reiner 1973; Sumner 1974; Stopler 1976), a powerful antagonist to mid-third-millennium city-states in lowland Mesopotamia. During the second millennium, Anshan is frequently listed with Susa as the co-capital of Elam - a polity whose political and economic influence in the region often rivaled and at times surpassed that of the Mesopotamian states. The role of Malyan as a major and early participant in the interregional affairs of Greater Mesopotamian urban society make it an ideal focus for a study of early urban economic organization.

The Assemblage:

Animal bones are the most direct means at an archaeologist's disposal for the study of animal exploitation in urban contexts. They provide information about the total range of economic relations likely to exist in urban contexts, rather than just the administered activities documented in texts. Tal-e Malyan is one of the few major Greater Mesopotamian urban centers from which a large assemblage of faunal remains has been systematically collected and studied.

Sampling and analytic procedures for the Tal-e Malyan faunal remains are described in detail by the author in chapter 4 of her 1990 book Feeding Cities. The author used a coding system, which can be found in her PhD dissertation (Zeder 1985, appendix I-a through I-c).

All data were translated by the editor before being published in Open Context.

Support:

Institutional support for the Malyan Expedition was provided by the University of Pennsylvania, the Ohio State University, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Science foundation (Grants BNS76-6455 and BNS 79-05860), the National Geographic Society, and the University of Michigan. The author's analysis of the Malyan animal bones was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (Grant SOC75-01483) and a Smithsonian Institution predoctoral fellowship (1981). (See Zeder 1991: xvii)

Publications:

Carter, E. and M.W. Stolper.

1976

"Middle Elamite Malyan," Expedition 19:33-42

Hansman, J.

1972

"Elamites, Achaemenians and Anshan," Iran 10:101-135

Reiner, E.

1973

"The Location of Ansan," Revue d’Assyriologie 67:57-62

Stopler, M.W.

1976

"Preliminary Report on Texts from Tal-e Malyan, 1971-74," pp. 89-100 in F. Bagherzadeh, ed., Proceedings of the 4th Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran, Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, Tehran.

1974

"Excavations at Tall-I Malyan," Iran 12:163-188

Zeder, M.A.

1985

Urbanism and Animal Exploitation in Southwest Highland Iran, 3400-1500 B.C. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.

1991

Feeding Cities: Specialized Animal Economy in the Ancient Near East. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Zooarchaeology of Medieval Emden: (Overview)

2010-10-28T23:01:38-07:00

Zooarchaeology of Medieval Emden

Number of associated media items: (1) Number of Associated Narrative Texts: (0)

Description of this Project / Collection:

This data set represents faunal remains from several excavations in the centre of the medieval town of Emden (Lower Saxony, Germany). The data set was used for the PhD thesis of Jessica Grimm (University of Groningen) with the title Animal keeping and the use of animal products in medieval Emden (Lower Saxony, Germany)

Grimm's research addressed questions concerning the development of animal husbandry and the use of animal products in the medieval period with the aim of obtaining a better understanding of the functions of a medieval town occupied by different groups of people and the contrast with the countryside over a period of about 900 years (9th-17th century). In addition to the thesis, preliminary reports of this study have also been published (GRIMM 2005, 2006 and 2008)

Publications:

Grimm, Jessica Marije

2010

Animal keeping and the use of animal products in medieval Emden (Lower Saxony, Germany) Dissertaties - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

2008

Break a leg: animal health and welfare in medieval Emden, Germany Veterinarija ir Zootechnika41(63)

2006

Silence of the Lambs,Archäozoologische Untersuchungen an mittelalterlichem Knochenmaterial aus Emden. In: E. van Rossenberg, J. Hendriks, A. Bright and D. Smal (eds). SOJAbundel 2002/2003Amsterdam/Leiden, Pp. 109-116.

2005

Silence of the Lambs: archeozoölogisch onderzoek aan middeleeuws botmateriaal uit Emden (Duitsland). In: E. van Rossenberg, J. Hendriks, A. Bright and D. Smal (eds). SOJAbundel 2002/2003Amsterdam/Leiden, Pp. 109-116.

Chogha Mish Fauna: (Overview)

2010-08-24T12:21:03-07:00

Chogha Mish Fauna

Number of associated media items: (1) Number of Associated Narrative Texts: (0)

Description of this Project / Collection:

This project uses the publicly available dataset of over 30,000 animal bone specimens from excavations at Chogha Mish, Iran during the 1960s and 1970s.

The specimens were identified by Jane Wheeler Pires-Ferreira in the 1960s and though she never analyzed the data or produced a report, her identifications were saved and later transferred to punch cards and then to Excel. This 'orphan' dataset was made available on the web in 2008 by Abbas Alizadeh (University of Chicago) at the time of his publication of Chogha Mish, Volume II.

The site of Chogha Mish spans the time period from Archaic through Elamite periods, with also later Achaemenid occupation. These phases subdived further into several subphases, and some of those chronological divisions are also represented in this dataset. Thus the timespan present begins at the mid-seventh millennium and continues into the third millennium B.C.E. In terms of cultural development in the region, these periods are key, spanning the later Neolithc (after the period of caprid and cattle domestication, but possibly during the eras in which pigs and horses were domesticated) through the development of truly settled life, cities, supra-regional trade and even the early empires or state societies of Mesopotamia and Iran. Therefore potential questions of relevance to address with this data collection are as follows:

The extent to which domesticated animals were utilized, and how/whether this changed over time
The development of centralized places
Increasing economic specialization
General changes in subsistence economy
The development of social complexity/stratification.

Publication of this dataset accompanied a study of data-sharing needs in zooarchaeology. Preliminary results of this study were presented as a poster titled: "Other People's Data: Blind Analysis and Report Writing as a Demonstration of the Imperative of Data Publication". The poster was presented at the 11th ICAZ International Conference of ICAZ (International Council for Archaeozoology), in Paris (August 2010), in Session 2-4, "Archaeozoology in a Digital World : New Approaches to Communication and Collaboration". The poster presented at this conference accompanies this project.

Note: Open Context editors assigned date ranges for the different stratigraphic phases contained in this dataset based on Alizadeh (2008:Table 1).

Publications:

Alizadeh, Abbas

2008

Chogha Mish II: The Development of a Prehistoric Regional Center in Lowland Susiana, Southwestern Iran The University of Chicago, Oriental Insitute. Oriental Institute Publication Vol. 130. Chicago.

Khirbat al-Mudayna al-Aliya: (Overview)

2012-03-21T09:04:09-07:00

Khirbat al-Mudayna al-Aliya

Number of associated media items: (58) Number of Associated Narrative Texts: (0)

Description of this Project / Collection:

Khirbat al-Mudayna al-'Aliya (KMA hereafter) is located on the eastern edge of the Karak Plateau in west-central Jordan, approximately 19 km northeast of the modern town of al-Karak (UTMG: 773.4/464.5; Palestine Grid: 233.0/76.8). The settlement is approximately 2.2 hectares in size and is positioned on a promontory overlooking the juncture of the Wadi al-Mukhayris and the southern extension of the Wadi al-Mujib. Archaeological investigations at the settlement were conducted between 1994 and 2004, comprising five seasons of mapping and excavation on various scales (Routledge 2000; 2004: 96-108; 2008; Routledge and Porter 2007). The settlement is positioned in a semi-arid zone, falling between the 100 and 300 mm isohyets, and therefore receives only the minimum amount of precipitation needed to practice rain-fed agriculture. The yellow Mediterranean and yellow steppic soils surrounding the settlement make agricultural production difficult compared to those settlements surrounded by Red Mediterranean soils to the west. Far below the settlement, lush riparian zones are found at the bottom of the canyons where run-off precipitation and perennial aqueducts refuel stream systems that eventually drain into the Jordan Valley. This persistent water source fosters a microclimate of wild fauna and flora that is ideal for hunting and gathering subsistence routines.

KMA is one of a number of early Iron Age settlements subsisting in semi-arid zones of west-central Jordan. Several settlements share a similar architectural pattern: a series of Levantine pillared buildings with adjacent walls form an oval or elliptical ring around a central courtyard that was either left empty or contained additional buildings. At KMA, portions of several buildings were excavated (See Routledge 2000 and Routledge 2004: 87-113 for discussions of these buildings.)

Ceramic vessel evidence and radiocarbon dates help determine that KMA was founded in the early 11th century BCE, occupied for a short time, and then abandoned in the late 11th or early 10th centuries. Four radiocarbon dates from burned silo rooms in two houses cluster very consistently. Short-lived barley and reed samples have calibrated two sigma (95.4%) confidence intervals of 1115-926 CAL BC (OXa-18966); 1115-925 CAL BC (OXa-19016) and 1108-913 CAL BC (with the 93.5% confidence interval being 1056-913 BC; OXa-19017). The one roof beam assayed has a two sigma interval of 1209-997 CAL BC (OXa-18967). If one accepts the stratigraphic evidence that KMA was only occupied for a short period of time, then these dates support an 11th century construction date for the houses and an abandonment linked to burning the stored barley in the 11th or tenth century B.C.E. These Oxford AMS dates using the InCal 04 atmospheric curve supersede the problematic beta-counted dates from Université Laval published in Routledge 2000: 47-48, Fig. 8.

The ceramic vessel evidence presented here is only a selection (n=54) of diagnostic forms from the 2000 excavation season. These vessels were studied in Porter's dissertation (2007). Information reported here is the object catalog number, form, building number, provenance information, diameter, fabric colors and treatment information, when necessary. Additional diagnostic vessels will be added when their analysis is complete. The faunal evidence presented here includes descriptions for all excavated identifiable bones. The evidence from the 1998 and 2000 excavation seasons were analyzed at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History Archaeobiology Laboratory, while the 2004 season was analyzed at the Department of Old Testament and Biblical Archaeology, University of Mainz, Germany. Somewhat different variables were recorded from the 2004 data and therefore, these divergent variables are presented.

Acknowledgements

The project wishes to thank the Jordanian Department of Antiquities, particularly its director, director Fawwaz al-Khraysheh, the American Center of Oriental Research in 'Amman, Wolfgang Zwickel, and the Council for British Research in the Levant. The National Science Foundation (Grants No. BCS-01661 and 0328347), the University of Pennsylvania, the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Liverpool funded portions of this research.

Bibliography:

Lev-Tov, Justin, Benjamin Porter, and Bruce Routledge

2011

"Measuring Local Diversity in Early Iron Age Animal Economies: A View from Khirbat al-Mudayna al-'Aliya (Jordan)" Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 361: 67-93

Porter, Benjamin W.

2007

The Archaeology of Community in Iron I Central Jordan, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.

Routledge, Bruce E.

2000

"Seeing through Walls: Interpreting Iron Age I Architecture at Khirbat al-Mudayna al-'Aliya" Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 319: 37-70

2004

Moab in the Iron Age: Hegemony, Polity, Archaeology Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

2008

"Thinking 'Globally' and Analysing 'Locally:' South-Central Jordan in Transition," pp. 144-176 in L. Grabbe, editor, Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIA (c. 1250-850 BCE): 1. The Archaeology London: T and T Clark.

Routledge, Bruce E., and Porter, Benjamin W

2007

A Place In-between: Khirbat al-Mudayna al-'Aliya in the Early Iron Age," pp. 323-329 in T. Levy, P. M. Daviau, R. Younker and M. Shaer, editors, Crossing Jordan: North American Contributions to the Archaeology of Jordan London: Equinox.

Dove Mountain Groundstone: (Overview)

2010-04-29T13:48:25-07:00

Dove Mountain Groundstone

Number of associated media items: (28) Number of Associated Narrative Texts: (0)

Description of this Project / Collection:

The Dove Mountain project was conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc. during two seasons in 2001 and 2005. Deborah Swartz was Project Director and the editor of the published volume (Swartz 2008). The project area covers 87m2 in the upper bajada of the Tortolita Mountains, which form part of the northern boundary of the Tucson Basin. Drainages cross the area flowing from northeast to southwest, the largest of which are Ruelas, Wild Burro, and Cochie canyons. These canyons are narrow near the source and widen into broad, sandy washes as they leave the mountains and drain into the Santa Cruz River. All three canyons contain semipermanent water. Recorded springs are upstream from the sites in these three canyons.

Most of the sites in the Dove Mountain parcel are situated along these three drainages, including all the current project sites. These sites lie near the juncture of the steep foothills with the more gradual bajada slopes. The foothills are covered with granite boulders associated with bedrock outcrops, and it is in these locations that petroglyphs were found. The remaining sites lie in the more gently sloping bajada areas on Pleistocene alluvial fans with well-entrenched washes below the fan surfaces. Elevations of the project sites range from 2,780 ft to 2,900 ft (847-884 m) above sea level (asl) in Wild Burro Canyon and from 3,420 ft to 3490 ft (1,042-1,064 m) asl in Ruelas Canyon. This assemblage from the Dove Mountain sites is useful for assessing various theories about how bajada settlements fit into the regional settlement system of the Tucson Basin, as proposed in the project research design. One theory that has been proposed is that the bajada settlements were locations of limited activity related to seasonal resource procurement for more permanently inhabited settlements in the floodplain of the major Tucson Basin drainages (Roth 1995). A second theory is that these were permanent settlements, complete with all the activities that commonly occurred year-round. Ground stone assemblages recovered from limited-activity sites are expected to be much different from assemblages of continuous occupations. Differences in the assemblages are reflected in artifact design strategy, wear amounts, use strategies, and activity diversity.

Ground stone artifacts analyzed for this chapter were collected from six excavated sites: Atlatl Ridge, AZ AA:12:84 (ASM); Desert Tortoise, AZ AA:12:83 (ASM); Wild Burro Canyon, AZ AA:12:170 (ASM); Ruelas Canyon, AZ AA:12:785 (ASM); AZ AA:12:783 (ASM); and AZ AA:12:787 (ASM) (Appendix Table D.1). Atlatl Ridge was partially excavated in 1985 and 1987, with results published in 1995 (Roth 1995). During a testing phase of the Dove Mountain project, Atlatl Ridge was again partially excavated, in addition to Desert Tortoise, Wild Burro Canyon, and 13 other sites (Vint 2000). Ground stone items recovered during the testing phase are described elsewhere (Adams and Sliva 2000); however, those from the testing phase at Atlatl Ridge, Desert Tortoise, and Wild Burro Canyon are included here.

As a result of the Desert Archaeology excavations at Dove Mountain, there is now a clearer picture of ground stone technology development in the Tortolita bajadas, which contributes to a better understanding of the development of grinding technology in the greater Tucson Basin. The use of the bajadas was probably significantly more complex than previously realized, and the ground stone assemblage reflects this complexity.

Publications:

Adams, Jenny L.

2008

"Grinding Technology in the Tortolita Mountain Bajadas," pp. 307-342 in D. L. Swartz, ed., Life in the Foothills: Archaeological Investigations in the Tortolita Mountains of Southern Arizona, Anthropological Papers No. 46. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.

Adams, Jenny L., and R. Jane Sliva

2008

"Artifact Analyses: Ground Stone and Flaked Stone," pp. 41-45 in J. H. Thiel and H. D. Wallace, eds., Archaeological Investigations at a Portion of the Julian Wash Site, AZ BB:13:17 (ASM), Pima County, Arizona, Technical Report No. 2005-02. Desert Archaeology, Inc., Tucson.

Roth, Barbara J.

1995

"Late Archaic Occupation of the Upper Bajada: Excavations at AZ AA:12:84 (ASM), Tucson Basin," Kiva 61:189-207

Swartz, Deborah L., (editor)

2008

Life in the Foothills: Archaeological Investigations in the Tortolita Mountains of Southern Arizona, Anthropological Papers No. 46. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.

Vint, James M.

2008

Archaeological Testing at Sixteen Sites in the Southern Foothills of the Tortolita Mountains, Technical Report No. 98-11. Desert Archaeology, Inc., Tucson.

Bade Museum: (Overview)

2010-02-20T22:51:07-07:00

Bade Museum

Number of associated media items: (341) Number of Associated Narrative Texts: (0)

Description of this Project / Collection:

This project is a digital catalog of all the artifacts, archives, and photographs from the Tell en-Nasbeh Collection at the Badè Museum of Biblical Archaeology at Pacific School of Religion in Berkeley, CA. This collection derives from the excavations of Tell en-Nasbeh conducted by William Frederic Badè between 1926 and 1935. The project was jointly sponsored by the Pacific School of Religion (PSR) and the American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR) and represents one of the earliest scientific excavations in Israel/Palestine.

Tell en-Nasbeh, likely the biblical city of Mizpah, is a 3.2 hectare (8 acre) tell located 12 kilometers (8 miles) northwest of Jerusalem on a low plateau. The site lies adjacent to an ancient roadway connecting Jerusalem with the northern hill country, which is how Tell en-Nasbeh gained importance as Judah’s northern border fortress during its prime phase of occupation in the Iron Age (Strata 3A-C; 1000-586 BCE). There are also archaeological remains at the site and in surrounding cave tombs that have been dated to Early Bronze I (Stratum 5; 3500-3300 BCE), Iron I (Stratum 4; 1200-100 BCE), Babylonian and Persian (Stratum 2; 586-323 BCE), Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods (Stratum 1; 323-630 CE).

At the conclusion of five seasons, Dr. Badè and his team had excavated approximately two-thirds of the ancient town to reveal a massive fortification wall, impressive gateway, three and four-room houses, family tombs, and hundreds of lamps, pitchers, bowls, jars, jewelry, metal objects, stamped jar handles, ceramic figurines (including “Judean pillar figurines”), and cosmetic items. While many of these artifacts were deposited at the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem, the majority were shipped back to Berkeley for further analysis and conservation, leading to the publication of two final report volumes (McCown 1947, Wampler 1947). These 5,800 archaeological artifacts and the project’s accompanying documentation, including the field notebooks, architectural drawings, and photographs, form the core of the Badè Museum's holdings.

Publications:

Arnold, P.M.

1992

"Mizpah," pp. 879-881 in D. N. Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, Vol III. New York: Doubleday.

Avigad, N.

1958

"New Light on the MSH Impressions," Israel Exploration Journal 8:113-119

Badè, W.F.

1927

"Excavation of Tell en-Nasbeh," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Reasearch 26:1-7

1927

"The Excavations at Tell en-Nasbeh," PEFQS 1927:7-13.

1927

Excavations at Tell en-Nasbeh, 1926 and 1927: A Preliminary Report. Palestine Institute Publications No. 1. Berkeley.

1929

"Excavations at Tell en-Nasbeh," RB 38:317-319.

1929

"Tell en-Nasbeh in 1929," Bulletin of Pacific School of Religion 8(3):3-12.

1930

"The Tell en-Nasbeh Excavations of 1929, A Preliminary Report," PEFQS 1930:8-19.

1930

"The Tell en-Nasbeh Excavations of 1929, A Preliminary Report," Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, pp 483-494.

1931

Some Tombs of Tell en-Nasbeh Discovered in 1929 Palestine Institute Publications No. 2. Berkeley.

1932

"A Jar Handle from Tell en-Nasbeh," ZAW51:150-156.

1932

"Tall en Nasba," QDAP 2:147, 192-193.

1933

"The Seal of Jaazaniah," ZAW 51:150-156.

1934

A Manual of Excavation in the Near East Berkeley: University of California Press.

1935

"New Discoveries at Tell en-Nasbeh," Werden und Wesen des Alten Testaments 66:30-36.

Bothmer, D. von

1941

"Greek Pottery from Tell en-Nasbeh," BASOR 83:25-30.

Branigan, K.

1966

"The Four-Room Buildings of Tell en-Nasbeh," IEJ 16:206-208.

Branigan, K.

1966

"The Four-Room Buildings of Tell en-Nasbeh," IEJ 16:206-208.

Brody, A. J.

2009

"'Those Who Add House to House': Household Archaeology and the Use of Domestic Space in an Iron II Residential Compound at Tell en-Nasbeh," pp. 45-56 in D. J. Schloen, ed., Exploring the Longue Dure: Essays in Honor of Lawrence E. Stager. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.

Brody, A. J. and Friedman, E.

2007

"Bronze Bangles from Tell en-Nasbeh: Cultural and Economic Observations on an Artifact Type from the Time of the Prophets," pp. 97-114 in R. B. Coote and N. K. Gottwald, eds., To Break Every Yoke Essays in Honor of Marvin L. Chaney. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press.

Broshi, M.

1977

"Nasbeh, Tel En-" pp. 912-918 in M. Avi-Yonah and E. Stern, eds., EAEHL, Vol. III. Jerusalem: Massada Press.

1992

"Nabeh, Tell en-" pp. 1027-1029 in D. N. Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, Vol IV. New York: Doubleday.

Cross, F.M.

1969

"Two Notes on Palestinian Inscriptions of the Persian Age," BASOR 193:19-24.

Diringer, D.

1967

"Mizpah," pp. 309-328 in D.W. Thomas, ed., Archaeology and Old Testament Study Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Grant, E.

1927

"Tell en-Nasbeh Expedition of the Pacific School of Religion," PEFQS (1927):159-161.

Gunneweg, J., Asaro, F., Michel, H.V. and Perlman, I.

1994

"Interregional Contacts between Tell en-Nasbeh and Littoral Philistine Centres in Canaan during Early Iron I," Archaeometry 36:227-240.

Katz, H.

1998

"A Note on the Date of the ‘Great Wall’ of Tell en-Nasbeh," TA 25:131-133.

McClellan, T.L.

1984

"Town Planning at Tell en-Nasbeh," ZDPV 100:53-69.

McCown, C.C.

1945

"The Long-Room House at Tell en-Nasbeh," BASOR 98:2-15.

1947

Tell en-Nasbeh I: Archaeological and Historical Results. Pacific Institute of Pacific School of Religion and American Schools of Oriental Research, Berkeley and New Haven.

Masterman, E.W.G.

1929

"Excavations at Tell en-Nasbeh, 1926-7," PEFQS (1929):56-57.

Muilenburg, J.

1954-55

"Mizpah of Benjamin," Studia Theologica 8:25-42.

Naish, J.P.

1932

"Tell en-Nasbeh," PEFQS (1932):204-209.

Vanderhooft, D. and Horowitz, W.

2002

"The Cuneiform Inscription from Tell en Nabeh: The Demise of an Unknown King," TA 29:318-327.

Wampler, J.C.

1940

"Triangular Impressed Design in Palestinian Pottery," BASOR 80:13-16.

1941

"Three Cistern Groups from Tell en-Nasbeh," BASOR 82:25-43.

1947

Tell en-Nasbeh II: The Pottery. Palestine Institute of Pacific School of Religion and American Schools of Oriental Research, Berkeley and New Haven.

Wright, G.E.

1947

"Tell en-Nasbeh," BA 10:69-77.

Zink, J.H.

1947

"Tell en-Nasbeh," pp. 569-571 in C.F. Pfeiffer, ed., The Biblical World. Grand Rapids: Baker Books.

Zorn, J.R.

1988

"William Frederic Badè," BA 51:28-35.

1988

"The Badè Institute of Biblical Archaeology," BA 51:36-45.

1993

Tell en Nasbeh: A Re-evaluation of the Architecture and Stratigraphy of the Early Bronze Age, Iron Age and Later Periods. Berkeley: University of California doctoral dissertation.

1993

"Nabeh, Tell en-," pp. 1098-1102 in The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, edited by E. Stern, vol. 3. Jerusalem: Carta, 1993b.

1993

"Mesopotamian-style Ceramic ‘Bathtub’ Coffins from Tell en-Nasbeh," TA 22: 98-106.

1994

"Two Rosette Stamp Impressions from Tell en-Nasbeh," BASOR 293:81-82.

1994

"The M(W)SH Stamp Impressions and the Neo-Babylonian Period," IEJ 44: 161-183. With J. Yellin and J. Hayes.

1995

"Three Cross-Shaped ‘Tet’ Stamp Impressions from Tell en-Nasbeh," TA 22: 98-106.

1996

"The Date of A Bronze Vase from Tell en-Nasbeh," TA 23:209-212.

1997

"Tell en-Nasbeh," pp. 101-103 in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Ancient Near East. edited by E. Meyers, vol. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

1997

"Mizpah: Newly Discovered Stratum Reveals Judah’s other Capital," BAR 23(5):28-38, 66.

1997

"An Inner and Outer Gate Complex at Tell en-Nasbeh," BASOR 307:53-66.

1998

"The Dating of an Early Iron Age Kiln from Tell al-Nasbah," Levant 30:199-202.

1999

"A Note on the Date of the ‘Great Wall’ of Tell en-Nasbeh: A Rejoinder." Tel Aviv 26:146-150.

2001

"Wedge- and Circle-Impressed Pottery: An Arabian Connection." pp. 689-698 in Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring Lands in Memory of Douglas. L. Esse, edited by S. R. Wolff. Chicago: Oriental Institute.

2003

"Tell en-Nabeh and the Problem of the Material Culture of the 6th Century." pp. 413-447 in Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, edited by O. Lipschits and J. Blenkinsopp. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.

2008

"Mizpah, Mizpah Wherefore Art Thou Mizpah? Tell en–Nabeh, Nebi Samwil and the Identification of a Biblical Site," BAR Web Extra August.

San Diego Archaeological Center: (Overview)

2010-02-02T12:01:18-07:00

San Diego Archaeological Center

Number of associated media items: (65) Number of Associated Narrative Texts: (0)

Description of this Project / Collection:

The San Diego Archaeological Center (SDAC) is a nationally recognized leader in the curation of archaeological collections, curating collections for the Department of Defense, City of San Diego and private parties. The Center accepts for accession archaeological collections to preserve in perpetuity for the benefit of the public. The Center is dedicated to making the collections available to the public as a cultural resource through educational programming and exhibits, research projects, tours, volunteer opportunities, student internships and cultural use.

This sample of SDAC collections published in Open Context represents only a portion of the overall collections managed by the SDAC.

For more information, please visit the SDAC Website.

Presidio of San Francisco: (Overview)

2010-01-28T00:54:44-07:00

Presidio of San Francisco

Number of associated media items: (52) Number of Associated Narrative Texts: (0)

Description of this Project / Collection:

The Presidio of San Francisco is a national park site measuring 1491 acres, administered jointly by the Presidio Trust and the National Park Service. The Presidio was in continuous use as a military post from 1776 to 1994, serving under the flags of Spain, Mexico, and the United States. During the transition from an active Army Post to a National Park, an update to the PresidioÂ’s National Historic Landmark designation was undertaken. This effort documented nearly 4000 sites, buildings, structures, and objects as contributing features to the Landmark, and the Presidio was reclassified as a National Historic Landmark DistrictÂ—the highest designation. Included were 54 locations of predicted archaeological significance, including forgotten cemeteries, shipwrecks, native shell mounds, coastal fortifications and the cornerstone of the Presidio TrustÂ’s Archaeology ProgramÂ—the Spanish Colonial site El Presidio de San Francisco. Due to the PresidioÂ’s long continuum of history from colonialism till the Cold War, there is an array of important sites beyond the temporal and spatial boundaries of El Presidio which make this park exceptional as an archaeological resource.

The Presidio Archaeology Lab is home to the Archaeology Program of the Presidio Trust. It is the nexus of all archaeological efforts at the Presidio where a lively community engages in the stewardship of the PresidioÂ’s rich archaeological heritage. El Presidio de San Francisco is the only one of four Spanish fortifications and twenty-one missions in California located in a National Park. This results in an opportunity to reach and teach a large audience about this irreplaceable resource, the Spanish Colonial episode in our nationÂ’s heritage, as well as the methods of archaeology, history, and related sciences. The mission of the Presidio Archaeology Lab is to demonstrate leadership in the field of archaeology and enhance the understanding of our shared cultural heritage.

The goals of the Presidio Archaeology Lab are:

To create a compelling destination at the site of El Presidio de San Francisco, one that instills visitors with the imaginative tools necessary to explore a broader range of the American experience.
To encourage a sense of collective ownership for the past, and this park, by involving diverse members of the public in all our programs and enabling them to make their own connections to this place.
To preserve the integrity of the archaeological sites, features, and artifacts, which form the foundation of our programs, ensuring that authentic experiences are available to future generations.

Additional Web Resources:

Presidio Archaeology Lab
Presidio Trust
PO Box 29052
San Francisco, CA 94129 USA
Phone: (415) 561-ARCH
Fax: (415) 561-5089
archaeology@presidiotrust.gov

Aegean Archaeomalacology: (Overview)

2010-01-13T17:11:11-07:00

Aegean Archaeomalacology

Number of associated media items: (21) Number of Associated Narrative Texts: (0)

Description of this Project / Collection:

This study investigates the archaeomalacological assemblages from three primary sites in the Aegean: Troia, Yenibademli, and Ulucak. The principle aim of the study is to reveal the environmental factors, and cultural and economic stimuli that may have affected the temporal and spatial patterns in the role and nature of shellfishing as an economic activity and the role of shellfish as an element of human nutrition. Archaeological mollusk shells are additionally treated as palaeoenvironmental archives; enhancing and complementing the studies of past coastal environments in the Aegean. The strong relationship between the coastal environment and human subsistence strategies is demonstrated within a greater framework by reviewing the available data from other archaeomalacological studies from the Aegean.

Although the chronological focus of the study is the Bronze Age, results from Post-Bronze Age Troia and from Chalcolithic Ulucak are included in the dissertation, in order to add perspective to temporal and spatial patterns.

Methods included the chronological analyses of the proportion of mollusk remains within the faunal assemblages, analyses of calculations of relative abundance of mollusk taxa, taphonomic analyses, contextual analysis, statistical analyses of the morphometric properties of important mollusk species, periodic sampling and examination of modern mollusk populations, stable isotopic analyses, seasonality analysis of incremental shell growth, and employment of ethnographic analogies.

Prey species were identified, the environments exploited for mollusk foraging were reconstructed, and gathering and processing techniques were explained. The factors affecting the decisions concerning harvest times were discussed. The evidence for the Â“murexÂ” dye production in Troia was evaluated.

The changes in the size of Cerastoderma glaucum shells in Troia and Patella caerulea in Yenibademli indicate chronological changes in mollusk exploitation modes and demonstrate the consequences of human exploitation pressure on mollusk populations. Changes in the demographic structure of C. glaucum populations in Troia support this view. Seasonal incremental analysis of C. glaucum populations in Troia revealed that harvesting of this species took place year-around, with increased activity during warmer months. Changes in the growth pattern of C. glaucum may be indicative of changes in local climatic conditions. A major morphological difference is observed between the archaeological and modern populations of C. glaucum in the Troad. This situation is attributed to environmental changes.

This study should be considered as a pilot study for the archaeomalacology of the Eastern Mediterranean. The palaeoeconomic and palaeoenvironmental implications that emerged from this study can only be tested and improved if further morphometric, stable isotopic and incremental growth analyses on the archaeomalacological material from the region are carried out in conjunction with regional research on extant mollusk populations.

Related Publication

Çakırlar, Canan

2010

Mollusk Shells in Troia, Yenibademli and Ulucak: An Archaeomalacological Approach to Environment and Economy in the Aegean. British Archaeological Reports S2051. John and Erica Hedges Publishers.

Petra Great Temple Excavations: (Overview)

2009-02-01T03:51:18-07:00

Petra Great Temple Excavations

Number of associated media items: (1626) Number of Associated Narrative Texts: (0)

Description of this Project / Collection:

Great Temple Excavation Database:

This project represents the comprehensive results of Brown University excavations at Petra's Great Temple from 1993 - 2006.

About the Great Temple: The Great Temple contains eclectic exquisite art and architecture from the Nabataean period and demonstrates that the values of the Nabataeans of Petra during this period who felt that aesthetic decoration of structures with frescos and architectural sculpture was sufficiently significant on which to expend time, money and energy. This blending of different cultures is seen in this palatial building and its precinct with the use of elephant heads, frescos, elegantly carved pilasters and capitals. There is a high level of skill and technology possessed by her builders as well as the high level of organized government that would be needed to plan the building of this monumental structure. The Great Temple is one of the key sites in the Nabataean Petra, and it is a significant site for our knowledge of the development of Petra. The lives of the Nabataeans were influenced by a unique blend of cultures. The study of the Great Temple is essential to the understanding of many different aspects of the archaeology of Petra. Such an interpretation when considered in relation to what is known about other Nabataean sites can effectively enrich the web of knowledge we possess regarding both Petra and the people whose lives ultimately created it. Each of our seasons of excavation has proved to be provocative and propitious as many questions were raised and many extraordinary artifacts were recovered.

The Great Temple represents one of the major archaeological and architectural components of central Petra. Located to the south of the Colonnaded Street and southeast of the Temenos Gate, this 75602 m precinct is comprised of a Propylaeum (monumental entryway), a Lower Temenos, and monumental east and west Stairways which in turn lead to the Upper Temenos â€” the sacred enclosure for the Temple proper.

The Petra Great Temple was first explored by R. E. BrÃ¼nnow and A. von Domaszewski in the 1890s; but it was W. Bachmann, in his 1921 revision of the Petra city plan, who postulated the existence of a \"Great Temple.\" No structures were evident before the Brown University 1993 excavations under the direction of Martha Sharp Joukowsky, and the precinct which is constructed on an artificial terrace was littered with carved architectural fragments toppled by one of the earthquakes which rocked the site.

In the Lower Temenos are triple colonnades on the east and west with a total of 96 to 120 columns! These lead into east and west semi-circular buttressed Exedrae. Here in the Lower Temenos, large, white hexagonal pavers were positioned above an extensive subterranean canalization system which has been traced from the Temple Forecourt under the Lower Temenos, the Aerial photograph of the Great Temple, looking South Looking south from the Lower Temenos at the temple Propylaeum, and the Colonnaded Street to the Wadi Musa. Discovered near the West Exedra was a capital decorated with Asian elephant-heads; in addition to the thousands of architectural fragments, there are coins, limestone facial frieze elements, lamps, Roman glass, and ceramics which include figurines, Nabataean bowls, small cups, and juglets. Elaborate floral friezes and acanthus-laden limestone capitals suggest the temple was constructed in the beginning of the last quarter of the first century BCE by the Nabataeans who combined their native traditions with the classical spirit. The structure was enlarged later in the Nabataean period in the first century CE. The Great Temple was in use until some point in the fifth century CE, the Byzantine period.

The Great Temple had its columns and walls red-and-white-stuccoed which must have had a dramatic impact when set against its rose-red environment. It is tetrastyle in antis (four columns at the front) with widely-spaced (ca. seven meters, 21 ft.) central columns at the entrance, and two end columns located about five meters (15 ft.) to the east and west, respectively. Approximately 15 meters (45 ft.) in height, the porch columns plus the triangular pediment and the entablature, hypothetically place its height to a minimum of 19 meters (57 ft.).

The Great Temple measures 35 meters (105 ft.) east-west, and is some 42.5 meters (127.5 ft.) in length making it the largest freestanding structure in Petra.The podium rests on a forecourt of hexagonal pavers; a stairway approaches a broad deep pronaos (entry), which in turn leads into side corridors that access a 550-630 seat bouleuterion (council chamber), theatron/ odeum discovered in 1997. The Pronaos entry is marked by two columns which are the same diameter (1.50 meters, 4.5 ft.) as those at the temple entrance, but are larger than either the eight flanking the cella walls or the six at the temple rear which have diameters of 1.20 meters (3.6 ft.). In the interior north are massive anta walls resting on a finely carved attic bases. To the south is a two-or-three-storied complex dominated by a large, central vaulted arch and twin stepped arched passages leading to paved platforms, plus a series of steps which accessed the rear of the bouleuterion, plus a series of steps which access the temple corridors and exit. There are exterior paved walkways on the temple east and west, where sculpted facial fragments and fine deeply-carved architectural elements have been recovered.

Sponsors and Acknowledgments: This campaign would not have been possible without the generous assistance of the Jordanian Department of Antiquities, Fawwaz al-Kraysheh, Director, and Suleiman Farajat Director of the Petra National Park, Sami Al-Nawafleh our Department of Antiquities Representative and the American Center of Oriental Research, Pierre M. Bikai, Director. We would also like to express our thanks to Brown University for making this season possible.

We were supported by a work force of 50 devoted Bedouin, directed by Dakhilallah Qublan, Foreman. The Petra Crowne Plaza Hotel and the American Center of Oriental Research in Amman, to whom we are most grateful, also provided additional support.

The Alexandria Archive Institute would like to thank Mhairi Campbell for her role in organizing contextual information in this dataset.

Open Context Projects and Collections

Mikt’sqaq Angayuk Finds: (Overview)

Mikt’sqaq Angayuk Finds

Asian Stoneware Jars: (Overview)

Asian Stoneware Jars

Zooarchaeology of Öküzini Cave: (Overview)

Zooarchaeology of Öküzini Cave

Zooarchaeology of Karain Cave B: (Overview)

West Stow West Zooarchaeology: (Overview)

West Stow West Zooarchaeology

Murlo: (Overview)

Murlo

Hacksilber Project: (Overview)

Hacksilber Project

Kenan Tepe: (Overview)

Kenan Tepe

The Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project Information System (UIS)

The Archaeological Site of Kenan Tepe

Geomorphological Description of the Site

History of the Excavation

The Kenan Tepe Information System

Archaeological Research Program

Gazetteer of UTARP Publications

Reports:

Dissertations:

Synthetic Studies:

Acknowledgements

Rough Cilicia: (Overview)

Rough Cilicia

Dhiban Excavation and Development Project: (Overview)

Dhiban Excavation and Development Project

Introduction

Determining the size, date, and nature of Dhiban's various settlement episodes

Documenting landscape use in Dhiban's vicinity

Reconstructing agricultural, pastoralist, and craft economies

Measuring the impacts of imperial interventions

Understanding the contemporary community's relationship with ancient Dhiban

Planning Dhiban's development as an interpretive site and tourism destination

Acknowledgements

Bibliography:

Tal-e Malyan Zooarchaeology: Tal-e Malyan Zooarchaeology

Tal-e Malyan Zooarchaeology

The Site:

The Assemblage:

Support:

Publications:

Zooarchaeology of Medieval Emden: (Overview)

Zooarchaeology of Medieval Emden

Chogha Mish Fauna: (Overview)

Chogha Mish Fauna

Khirbat al-Mudayna al-Aliya: (Overview)

Khirbat al-Mudayna al-Aliya

Dove Mountain Groundstone: (Overview)

Dove Mountain Groundstone

Bade Museum: (Overview)

Bade Museum

San Diego Archaeological Center: (Overview)

San Diego Archaeological Center

Presidio of San Francisco: (Overview)

Presidio of San Francisco

Aegean Archaeomalacology: (Overview)

Aegean Archaeomalacology

Petra Great Temple Excavations: (Overview)

Petra Great Temple Excavations